Fath Al-Makkah - Conquest of Mecca

         Mecca was conquered by the Muslims on 11 December 630 AD (18th of Ramadan, 8 AH).

Background
         In 628, the Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10 year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
           According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Arab tribes were given the option of joining either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish. Should any of these tribes face aggression, the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, Banu Bakr joined Quraish, and Khuza‘ah joined Muhammed SAW. They thus lived in peace for some time; but ulterior motives stretching back to the pre-Islamic period, ignited by unabated fire of revenge, triggered fresh hostilities. Banu Bakr, without concern for the provisions of the treaty, attacked Banu Khuza'a in a place called Al-Wateer in Sha‘ban, in 8 A.H. Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms, taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chased them in the sanctified area — where no blood should be shed — and massacred his adversaries. Khuza’ah at once sent a delegation to Medina to inform the Islamic prophet, Muhammad SAW, of this breach of truce and to seek help from Muslims of Medina being their allies.
           After the incident, Quraysh sent a delegation to Muhammad SAW, petitioning to maintain the treaty with the Muslims and offering material compensation. The Muslim forces had gathered in strength to settle account with Quraysh and for the final attack and the conquest of Mecca.[1][2]


Conquest
           After Abu Sufyan’s departure, Muhammad SAW immediately ordered the assembling of a large army. The objective of the operation was kept secret and even Muhammad's close friends and commanders did not know his plans. Muhammad SAW intended to assemble and attack the Quraysh using the element of surprise. For further secrecy, Muhammad SAW sent Abu Qatadah towards "Batan Izm" to give the impression that he wanted to go there.[3]
            The Muslim army set out for Mecca on Wednesday, November 29, 630 (the 6th of Ramadan, 8 hijra).[4] Volunteers and contingents from allied tribes joined the Muslim army on the way swelling its size to about 10,000 strong. This was the largest Muslim force ever assembled. The army stayed at Marr-uz-Zahran, located ten miles northwest of Mecca. Muhammad SAW ordered every man to light a fire so as to make the Meccans overestimate the size of the army.[5]
          Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan travelled back and forth between Mecca and Muhammad SAW, still trying to reach a settlement. According to the sources, he found assistance in Muhammad's uncle Al-Abbas, though some scholars[who?] consider that historians writing under the rule of Abbas' descendants, the Abbasid Dynasty, had exaggerated Abbas' role and downplayed the role of Abu Sufyan, who was the ancestor of the Abbaside's enemies.[6]
               Mecca lies in the Valley of Ibrahim, surrounded by black rugged hills reaching heights of 1,000 ft (300 m) at some places. There were four entry routes through passes in the hills. These were from the north-west, the south-west, the south, and the north-east. Muhammad SAW divided the Muslim army into four columns: one to advance through each pass. The main column in which Muhammad SAW was present in person was commanded by Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah. It was tasked to enter Mecca through the main Madina route, from the north-west near Azakhir. Muhammad’s cousin Az Zubayr commanded the second column and it would enter Mecca from the south-west, through a pass west of Kuda hill. The column entering from south through Kudai was under the leadership of Muhammad’s cousin Ali. The last column under Khalid ibn al-Walid was tasked to enter from the north-east, through Khandama and Lait.
             Their tactic was to advance simultaneously from all sides targeting a single central objective. This would lead to the dispersion of enemy forces and prevent their concentration on any one front. Another important reason for this tactic was that even if one or two of the attacking columns faced stiff resistance and became unable to break through, then the attack could continue from other flanks. This would also prevent any of the Quresh to escape.
               Muhammad SAW emphasized on refraining from fighting unless Quresh attacked. The Muslim army entered Mecca on Monday, December 11, 630 (18th of Ramadan 8 hijrah).[7] The entry was peaceful and bloodless entry on three sectors except for that of Khalid’s column. The hardened anti-Muslims like Ikrimah and Sufwan gathered a band of Quresh fighters and faced Khalid’s column. The Quresh attacked the Muslims with swords and bows, and the Muslims charged the Quresh’s positions. After a short skirmish the Quresh gave ground after losing twelve men. Muslim losses were two warriors.[5]

Aftermath
             On the eve of the conquest, Abu Sufyan adopted Islam. When asked by Muhammad SAW, he conceded that the Meccan gods had proved powerless and that there was indeed "no god but Allah", the first part of the Islamic confession of faith. In turn, Muhammad SAW declared Abu Sufyan's house a sanctuary because he was the present chief, and that all the others were gathered over his territory, therefore:
"Even he Who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, He who lays down arms will be safe, He who locks his door will be safe".[8]
            He also declared:
        Allah has made Mecca a sanctuary since the day He created the Heavens and the Earth, and it will remain a sanctuary by virtue of the sanctity Allah has bestowed on it until the Day of Resurrection. It (fighting in it) was not made lawful to anyone before me. Nor will it be made lawful to anyone after me, and it was not made lawful for me except for a short period of time. Its animals (that can be hunted) should not be chased, nor should its trees be cut, nor its vegetation or grass uprooted, nor its Luqata (most things) picked up except by one who makes a public announcement about it.'[9]
            Then, along with his companions Muhammad SAW visited the Kaaba. The idols were broken and their gods were destroyed. Thereupon Muhammad SAW recited the following verse from the Quran:"Say, the Truth has come and falsehood gone. Verily falsehood is bound to vanish."(17:81)
           The people assembled at the Kaaba, and Muhammad SAW delivered the following address:
"There is no God but Allah. He has no associate. He has made good His promise that He held to his bondman and helped him and defeated all the confederates. Bear in mind that every claim of privilege, whether that of blood or property is abolished except that of the custody of the Ka'aba and of supplying water to the pilgrims. Bear in mind that for any one who is slain the blood money is a hundred camels. People of Quraish, surely God has abolished from you all pride of the time of ignorance and all pride in your ancestry, because all men are descended from Adam, and Adam was made of clay."
             Then Muhammad SAW turning to the people said: "O Quraish, what do you think of the treatment that I should accord you?"
            And they said, "Mercy, O Prophet of Allah. We expect nothing but good from you."
            Thereupon Muhammad  Rasulullah SAW declared: "I speak to you in the same words as Yūsuf spoke to his brothers. This day there is no reproof against you; Go your way, for you are free."[10] Muhammad Rasulullah's prestige grew after the surrender of the Meccans. Emissaries from all over Arabia came to Medina to accept him.
              Ten people were ordered to be killed:,[11] Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, Abdullah ibn Saad ibn Abi Sarh, Habbar bin Aswad, Miqyas Subabah Laythi, Huwairath bin Nuqayd, Abdullah Hilal and four women who had been guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace.[11]
            However, they were not all killed; Ikrimah lived to adopt Islam and fight in future battles among Muslim ranks. Of the two singing girls who were outlawed by Mohammad, one were slain but the other spared because she converted to Islam.[12] Ibn Abi Sarh had been granted protection under Uthman ibn Affan and when he initially refused to take the mandatory oath of allegiance to Mohammad, the bystanders still did not kill him, much to the regret of Mohammad.[13]
           The conquest of Mecca was followed by Battle of Hunayn.

References
1.^ Peters, Francis E. (1994). Muhammad  and the origins of Islam. SUNY Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-7914-1875-8.
2.^ Lewis, Bernard (1967). The Arabs in history. Harper & Row. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-06-131029-4.
3.^ Seerah ibn Hisham p.226/2,228.
4.^ F.R. Shaikh: The Chronology of the Prophetic Events, Ta Ha Publishers Ltd., London,2001 p 72
5.^ a b Lt.Gen. A.I.Akram. The Sword of Allah - Khalid bin Al-Waleed.
6.^ John Glubb, The Life and Times of Muhammad, Lanham 1998, p. 304-310.
7.^ F.R. Shaikh: The Chronology of the Prophetic Events, Ta Ha Publishers Ltd., London,2001 p 72
8.^ Page 329, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir (Arabic).
9.^ Sahih Bukhari, Volume 5, Book 59, Number 603
10.^ Related by Ibn Kathir, recorded by Ibn al-Hajjaj Muslim
11.^ The Message by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, chapter 48 referencing Sirah by Ibn Hisham, vol. II, p. 409.
12.^ www.wikipedia.org
13.^ [1] Abu Dawood 8:2678 at International Islamic University Malaysia
14.^ [2] Abu Dawood 8:2677 at International Islamic University Malaysia

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